The Ultimate Guide to Preventive Biomarker Testing
Clinical Review: Jenica Ortega, MD | Preventive Medicine Specialist | Commons Clinic
Updated: March 2026 | Read Time: 14 minutes
Your Blood Tells a Story Before Your Body Complains
Every year, Marcus gets his annual physical. His doctor runs "the standard labs"—a basic metabolic panel, lipid panel, complete blood count. Everything comes back normal. He feels good. Life moves forward.
But this year, Marcus decided to go deeper. He underwent comprehensive biomarker testing through Commons Clinic and discovered something the standard labs never flagged: elevated homocysteine levels, inflammatory markers suggesting vascular risk, and vitamin D deficiency so pronounced it was affecting bone density and immune function.
His standard bloodwork said he was fine. His biomarkers told a different story—one that revealed early warning signs of cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysfunction, and nutritional insufficiency. The kind of story that, when caught early and addressed proactively, changes long-term health trajectory.
This is the fundamental difference between standard annual labs and comprehensive preventive biomarker testing: depth, breadth, and interpretation.
Your "standard labs" represent the bare minimum of what modern laboratory medicine can measure. They're designed to catch overt pathology—diabetes, anemia, kidney disease at advanced stages. They're reactive screening, appropriate for detecting established illness.
Biomarker testing goes deeper. It measures the biochemical signatures of aging, inflammation, metabolic stress, hormonal balance, nutritional status, and disease risk decades before they become clinically apparent. It transforms your blood work from a simple pass-fail test into a detailed biological blueprint—one that reveals where you are now and where you're headed if current patterns persist.
But biomarker testing is only as valuable as the physician interpreting it. Raw numbers mean nothing without clinical context, lifestyle integration, and longitudinal perspective. That's where Commons Clinic's approach becomes essential.
What Is Preventive Biomarker Testing?
Preventive biomarker testing is a comprehensive laboratory assessment that goes far beyond standard annual bloodwork. Instead of checking a few basic metabolic markers, preventive testing measures dozens of biochemical indicators across multiple physiological systems.
A biomarker is simply a measurable biological molecule—protein, hormone, metabolite, nutrient, or inflammatory marker—that reflects some aspect of your physiology or disease risk. When measured systematically and interpreted expertly, biomarkers reveal patterns that help us understand your current health status, your disease risk trajectory, and the specific interventions most likely to move you toward your health goals.
The Panels We Analyze
Commons Clinic's comprehensive biomarker assessment typically includes:
Metabolic Panel
- Fasting glucose, insulin levels, HbA1c
- Assessment of metabolic syndrome, diabetes risk, insulin resistance
- Markers of glucose regulation and long-term blood sugar control
Lipid Panel (Extended)
- Standard cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides
- Advanced markers: apolipoprotein A and B, particle size, Lipoprotein(a)
- Homocysteine, Lp-PLA2 (inflammation and cardiovascular risk)
Cardiovascular Risk Markers
- High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)
- Fibrinogen, homocysteine
- Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)
- Lipoprotein(a) — a genetically influenced cardiovascular risk factor often missed in standard screening
Inflammatory Markers
- Interleukin-6, TNF-alpha
- Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
- Assessment of systemic inflammation, aging rate, and chronic disease risk
Hormonal Panel
- Thyroid function (TSH, free T3, free T4, thyroid antibodies)
- Cortisol (free and total)
- DHEA-S, testosterone, estrogen
- Assessment of hormone balance, stress response, metabolic resilience
Nutrient Status
- Vitamin D (25-OH vitamin D)
- B vitamins (B12, folate, methylmalonic acid)
- Iron metabolism (ferritin, iron saturation)
- Magnesium, zinc
- Assessment of nutritional foundations for health
Cancer Markers and Tumor Surveillance
- PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
- CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)
- CA-125, AFP, additional risk-stratified markers based on personal history
- Not diagnostic, but useful for baseline and longitudinal surveillance
Liver and Kidney Function
- Comprehensive metabolic panel with detailed enzyme assessment
- Albumin and protein status
- GFR (glomerular filtration rate) — true kidney function, not just creatinine
- Markers of metabolic processing capacity
Complete Blood Count with Differential
- Red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit
- Lymphocyte, neutrophil, and other immune cell percentages
- Platelet assessment
- Markers of immune function and bone marrow health
Specialty Markers (Individualized)
- Omega-3 index (fatty acid status)
- Particle number and size analysis
- Advanced lipid phenotyping
- Micronutrient panels
- Selected biomarkers based on personal risk factors and health goals
How Preventive Biomarker Testing Differs from Standard Annual Bloodwork
If you've had an annual physical, you've likely had "basic labs." So what's the difference?
Standard Annual Bloodwork (What You Usually Get)
Your primary care physician orders a basic metabolic panel and lipid panel. The lab runs the tests in 24 hours. Results come back as numbers with reference ranges. If they're in range, you're fine. If they're out of range, further evaluation might occur.
This is binary thinking: normal or abnormal. It catches overt pathology but misses early warning signs. A fasting glucose of 95 mg/dL is "normal" (reference range typically 70-100), but if it was 85 three years ago, the trend suggests metabolic decline. Standard labs don't track trends; they just confirm you're not diabetic yet.
Additionally, standard labs are often rushed through interpretation. Your doctor might spend two minutes reviewing results. The focus is on absolute values, not patterns or clinical implications.
Preventive Biomarker Testing (What Commons Clinic Offers)
We measure a comprehensive array of markers—50-100+ individual measurements depending on your health profile and goals. But the real difference isn't quantity; it's quality of interpretation.
Pattern recognition. We're not looking for a single out-of-range value. We're looking at how markers relate to each other. High triglycerides plus elevated fasting glucose plus low HDL equals metabolic syndrome risk, even if each individual marker is "borderline normal." We recognize patterns that isolated results miss.
Trend analysis. If you've had previous bloodwork, we compare current results to your baseline. A cholesterol rise from 180 to 220 is meaningful even if 220 is technically acceptable. We track trajectories, not just snapshots.
Clinical context. Numbers mean nothing without interpretation. Dr. Ortega reviews every panel with understanding of your age, sex, genetics, lifestyle, medications, and health goals. A PSA of 2.5 has different implications for a 45-year-old and a 75-year-old. We contextualize findings.
Actionability. Every marker that falls outside of optimal ranges generates specific recommendations. That vitamin D deficiency isn't just noted; we calculate your supplementation needs. That elevated homocysteine isn't just flagged; we address the B vitamin status driving it.
Integration. Biomarker testing at Commons Clinic integrates with comprehensive health assessment, lifestyle coaching, and when appropriate, imaging or specialty referral. It's not an isolated lab panel; it's part of a coherent preventive medicine strategy.
Who Should Consider Comprehensive Biomarker Testing?
Biomarker testing is valuable for virtually anyone committed to proactive health management. But it's especially beneficial for:
Ideal Candidates
Individuals transitioning to preventive medicine who want to understand their current biochemical status and establish a baseline for future comparison.
People with family history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, or neurological conditions. Biomarkers can quantify your inherited risk and identify early markers of conditions running in your family.
Executives and high-performance individuals who view health as a critical asset. Business leaders increasingly recognize that understanding their biochemistry is as important as understanding their financial metrics.
Those over 40 seeking proactive health optimization. Aging accelerates metabolic decline. Biomarkers reveal this decline early, when intervention is most effective.
Athletes and fitness enthusiasts aiming for performance optimization rather than just disease avoidance. Biomarkers reveal nutrient sufficiency, recovery capacity, and metabolic efficiency.
Individuals with chronic stress seeking to understand physiological impact. Cortisol, inflammatory markers, and immune status reveal how stress is affecting your biology.
People with subtle symptoms (fatigue, cognitive fog, poor recovery, hormonal imbalance) that don't point to a specific diagnosis. Biomarkers often reveal the underlying biochemical drivers.
Anyone on a medication regimen wanting to understand medication effects and optimize dosing or supplementation accordingly.
Questions That Biomarker Testing Answers
- Where am I at disease risk (cardiovascular, metabolic, cancer)?
- What's my true nutritional status?
- How is my body managing stress and inflammation?
- What's my aging rate compared to chronological age?
- Are my current lifestyle choices working, biochemically?
- What's my inherited risk for specific conditions?
- How is my immune system functioning?
- What's my metabolic capacity and resilience?
How Preventive Biomarker Testing Works
The Consultation Process
Unlike standard lab work ordered via an online patient portal, comprehensive biomarker testing at Commons Clinic begins with a detailed consultation.
Dr. Ortega meets with you to understand your health history, family patterns, personal health goals, and specific concerns. This isn't a form to fill out; it's a conversation. She learns what matters to you—performance optimization, disease prevention, longevity, specific symptom resolution—and tailors the biomarker panel accordingly.
During this consultation, she discusses what biomarker testing can and can't do. It's not a crystal ball. It won't diagnose cancer or predict the exact moment a disease will strike. But it reveals your current position and trajectory, providing actionable data to guide prevention strategies.
The Testing
Based on your consultation, Dr. Ortega orders your personalized biomarker panel. You'll visit a Commons Clinic location or use a local lab partner to provide blood samples—typically early morning, fasting, for optimal accuracy.
Standard turnaround time is 5-7 business days, depending on the specific markers ordered. Some advanced tests may take slightly longer.
The Interpretation
This is where Commons Clinic's expertise becomes critical. Once results return, Dr. Ortega reviews the entire panel, analyzing patterns and relationships rather than isolated values.
She creates a comprehensive report detailing:
Current Status
- Which markers fall into optimal ranges and which suggest room for improvement
- Patterns indicating metabolic risk, inflammation, hormonal imbalance, nutritional insufficiency
- Your relative risk profile compared to age-matched population norms
- Specific areas of strength and concern
Clinical Context
- What each abnormal marker means for your health and disease risk
- How markers relate to each other and what that relationship suggests
- Comparison to your baseline (if previous testing exists)
- Trajectory and what the current pattern predicts if unchanged
Actionable Recommendations
- Specific lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, sleep, stress management)
- Targeted supplementation addressing identified deficiencies or imbalances
- When and whether specialist referral is warranted
- Surveillance intervals for markers warranting follow-up testing
The Follow-Up Consultation
Dr. Ortega meets with you for an in-depth discussion of your results. This typically takes 45-60 minutes—nearly three times the national average for lab result review.
During this consultation, you'll discuss:
- Your personal disease risk profile and what factors are modifiable
- Specific recommendations and how to implement them
- Timeline for expected improvements with lifestyle/supplementation changes
- When to retest and what markers to prioritize in future assessments
- Integration with any other preventive strategies (imaging, specialty care)
What Preventive Biomarkers Reveal About Your Health
Metabolic Health and Diabetes Risk
Your fasting glucose and HbA1c tell you about current blood sugar control. But insulin levels and the glucose-to-insulin ratio reveal metabolic efficiency. Some people maintain normal glucose with minimal insulin (efficient metabolism). Others require excessive insulin to achieve the same glucose levels (insulin resistance)—an early warning sign of metabolic dysfunction and eventual diabetes.
We also assess homocysteine, which suggests metabolic stress and B-vitamin sufficiency. Elevated homocysteine correlates with cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline, and metabolic inflammation, yet it's rarely measured in standard labs.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Standard lipid panels measure total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL. That's a start. But advanced biomarkers reveal much more.
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a genetically determined cardiovascular risk factor that standard lipid panels ignore. If elevated, it indicates substantially increased heart disease and stroke risk—independent of other cholesterol levels. Yet most people have never heard of it because it's not routinely tested.
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) reflects the actual number of atherogenic particles circulating in your blood—often a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than LDL cholesterol, especially in people with metabolic syndrome.
Particle size matters too. Small, dense LDL particles are more atherogenic than large, fluffy ones. Triglyceride to HDL ratio, often calculated from standard labs, is an excellent marker of particle size and metabolic health.
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) reflects systemic inflammation, a key driver of atherosclerosis progression. Someone with "normal" cholesterol but elevated hsCRP is at substantial cardiovascular risk.
Together, these markers create a far more sophisticated picture of your cardiovascular disease risk than standard cholesterol alone.
Inflammatory Status
Chronic systemic inflammation—not the acute inflammation of infection, but low-grade, persistent inflammation—is the common thread linking cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic dysfunction.
Biomarkers like hsCRP, IL-6, and TNF-alpha reveal this inflammatory state. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (derived from a standard CBC but requiring interpretation) reflects immune activation and inflammation burden.
Why does this matter? Because inflammation is modifiable. Lifestyle changes—especially diet, exercise, sleep, and stress management—meaningfully reduce inflammatory markers. Tracking them shows whether your lifestyle interventions are working at a biochemical level.
Hormonal Balance
Standard annual physicals rarely measure hormones beyond TSH. But hormonal health drives metabolism, mood, sleep, sexual function, bone density, and disease risk.
At Commons Clinic, we measure:
Thyroid function comprehensively (TSH, free T3, free T4, thyroid peroxidase antibodies). Many people feel unwell with "normal" TSH because the conventional range is too broad. Functional medicine practitioners optimize thyroid markers more narrowly.
Cortisol, both free and total, revealing whether your stress response system is functioning optimally or showing signs of dysregulation.
Testosterone and estrogen, which decline with age but are often suboptimal even in younger individuals. Optimal levels matter for bone density, muscle mass, cardiovascular health, and cognition—not just sexual function.
DHEA-S, which reflects metabolic resilience and immune function.
Hormonal imbalance doesn't always cause obvious symptoms early on. But biomarkers reveal it, allowing intervention before disease develops.
Nutritional Status
If you're deficient in vitamin D, you likely don't feel it—not acutely. But vitamin D deficiency contributes to bone loss, immune dysfunction, increased cancer risk, and cardiovascular disease over years.
The same applies to B vitamins (critical for energy metabolism and neurological function), magnesium (essential for hundreds of enzymatic reactions), and other micronutrients.
Standard annual bloodwork almost never measures nutritional biomarkers. They're not checked unless your doctor specifically orders them or you develop obvious symptoms like pernicious anemia.
At Commons Clinic, we measure vitamin D, B12, folate, methylmalonic acid (revealing B12 and folate status at a cellular level), iron metabolism, magnesium, zinc, and other critical nutrients.
Why? Because nutritional deficiencies drive disease risk and can be corrected with supplementation. But you can't correct what you don't measure.
Aging and Longevity Biomarkers
Some biomarkers don't reflect specific disease but rather overall aging rate and biological resilience.
Albumin (a major blood protein) reflects nutritional status and is associated with longevity. Low albumin predicts disease and mortality across all age groups.
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts mortality and disease risk independent of other factors. It's a simple, inexpensive measure of immune system aging.
Markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity reveal how well your body is managing cellular damage and whether antioxidant supplementation might be beneficial.
Together, these markers help assess your biological age—which may be substantially different from your chronological age depending on genetics, lifestyle, and disease burden.
Benefits and Limitations: Understanding the Evidence
The Case For Comprehensive Biomarker Testing
Early intervention. Biomarkers reveal disease risk decades before diagnosis. Metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and even some cancers show biochemical evidence long before clinical presentation. Early intervention is far more effective than late treatment.
Personalized medicine. You're not following a generic prevention protocol. Recommendations are tailored to your biochemistry, genetics, and risk profile. Someone with excellent metabolic health but elevated inflammatory markers gets different guidance than someone with insulin resistance and normal inflammation.
Motivation and accountability. Numbers create clarity. Many patients become dramatically more adherent to lifestyle changes when they see their baseline biomarkers and understand the specific benefits of intervention. Retesting shows whether efforts are working.
Suboptimal health detection. Standard labs say you're fine, but you feel unwell. Biomarkers often reveal the cause—vitamin D deficiency, B12 insufficiency, metabolic dysregulation, thyroid dysfunction, hormonal imbalance. You can address what you can measure.
Cost-effectiveness. Comprehensive biomarker testing costs typically $1,500-$3,000 depending on panel depth. Compared to emergency interventions for untreated cardiovascular disease or cancer diagnosed late, prevention is extraordinarily cost-effective.
No downside of measurement. Unlike screening imaging, which can generate anxiety and unnecessary follow-up, biomarker testing just measures existing biochemistry. There's no harm in knowing your vitamin D level or inflammatory markers.
The Limitations and Critiques
Biomarkers aren't destiny. A single elevated biomarker doesn't mean disease is inevitable. Many people with risk factor biomarkers never develop disease. Biomarkers indicate probability, not certainty.
Overtreatment potential. If you measure extensively, you'll find abnormalities. The question becomes: which ones actually warrant intervention? There's legitimate concern about medicalizing minor variations and recommending supplements or treatments for marginal findings.
Limited prognostic value for individuals. Biomarkers have excellent population-level predictive value—we can say "people with hsCRP > 3 have higher heart disease risk." But for any individual, the relationship is weaker. You can't tell a specific person: "You will have a heart attack in five years." You can say "Your risk is elevated and intervention will lower it."
Supplementation evidence is mixed. While identifying deficiencies is valuable, the evidence that supplementing borderline-low levels prevents disease is often limited. Vitamin D supplementation clearly helps people with severe deficiency; whether it helps people at the lower end of the normal range remains debated.
Cost and insurance coverage. Comprehensive biomarker testing typically isn't covered by insurance for asymptomatic individuals. It's an out-of-pocket investment. This limits access and creates equity concerns.
Incidental findings. Like imaging, biomarker testing can identify unexpected abnormalities—elevated PSA requiring further evaluation, cancer markers needing specialist assessment. Sometimes this generates unnecessary anxiety or cascade testing.
Interpretation variability. Different laboratories and physicians interpret biomarkers differently. Functional medicine practitioners may set different target ranges than conventional medicine specialists. This creates confusion about what results mean.
Commons Clinic's Balanced Approach
We believe comprehensive biomarker testing is valuable for motivated individuals seeking proactive health management. We're not proponents of testing every asymptomatic person routinely. Instead, we focus biomarker testing on:
- Individuals with specific risk factors (family history, lifestyle concerns, subtle symptoms)
- Those committed to lifestyle-based intervention (we measure so you can track progress)
- People at the intersection of aging and optimization (40+, seeking to maintain health and performance)
- Cases where standard labs seem incomplete (you feel unwell but tests are "normal")
We interpret findings conservatively, focusing on major modifiable risk factors rather than minor variations. We recommend supplementation only when evidence supports benefit. And we emphasize that biomarkers guide intervention; they don't mandate it.
Why Patients Choose Commons Clinic for Biomarker Testing
Comprehensive, Nuanced Interpretation
Dr. Ortega doesn't just review lab results; she integrates them with your history, lifestyle, genetics, and health goals. She recognizes patterns that isolated values might miss and contextualizes findings within your individual situation.
Extended Consultation Time
Most physicians spend 10-15 minutes discussing lab results. At Commons Clinic, Dr. Ortega dedicates 45-60 minutes to your biomarker consultation—nearly three times the national average. This time is spent understanding your values, discussing implications, and creating an implementable action plan.
Longitudinal Perspective
If you undergo biomarker testing multiple times through Commons Clinic, we track your trajectory. We assess whether interventions are working biochemically. We identify emerging patterns before they become diseases. We adjust recommendations based on your individual response.
Integrated Care
Biomarker testing doesn't stand alone. It integrates with lifestyle coaching, targeted supplementation, imaging when indicated, and specialist referral when needed. You receive a comprehensive, coherent approach to prevention.
Patient Education
We believe you should understand your own biochemistry. Dr. Ortega explains findings in accessible language, teaches you what different markers mean, and helps you recognize which changes are most important to address first.
Broad Insurance Support
We work with Aetna, Cigna, Anthem Blue Cross, Blue Shield of California, and United Healthcare. Many plans offer some coverage for comprehensive metabolic testing, especially when clinically indicated. We navigate insurance to maximize coverage for you.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: How much does comprehensive biomarker testing cost?
A: Costs vary based on panel depth and specific markers, typically ranging from $1,500-$3,000. Some insurance plans provide partial or full coverage for indicated testing. We verify coverage before testing and discuss out-of-pocket costs transparently.
Q: How often should I have biomarker testing?
A: This depends on your baseline results, age, and health goals. Someone with significant abnormalities might retest in 6-8 weeks to assess intervention response. Others might retest annually or every two years. Dr. Ortega recommends a surveillance interval aligned with your individual situation.
Q: What should I do to prepare for biomarker testing?
A: Come fasting (no food or drink except water for 8-12 hours before testing). Avoid strenuous exercise the day before. Try to minimize stress and maintain normal sleep patterns, as these affect some biomarker values. Your physician will provide specific preparation instructions.
Q: What if my biomarkers are abnormal?
A: Abnormal doesn't automatically mean sick. It means your body is sending a signal that something needs attention. Dr. Ortega will discuss each abnormal finding, assess its clinical significance, and recommend interventions—usually lifestyle-based first, supplementation if indicated, and specialist referral if warranted.
Q: Can I treat biomarker abnormalities with supplements alone, or will I need medications?
A: Most biomarker abnormalities respond to lifestyle intervention—diet changes, exercise, sleep optimization, stress management. Supplementation addresses specific deficiencies (vitamin D, B vitamins, magnesium, etc.). Medications are rarely needed for biomarker abnormalities in otherwise healthy people, though some conditions require pharmaceutical intervention. Dr. Ortega will recommend the appropriate approach for your situation.
Q: How do biomarker tests differ from what my primary care doctor orders?
A: Your primary care doctor typically orders basic metabolic and lipid panels designed to detect overt disease. Biomarker testing goes deeper—measuring 50-100+ markers providing much more granular assessment of risk, inflammation, nutrition, and hormonal balance. The interpretation is also different: biomarker testing looks for patterns and trajectories, not just abnormal values.
Q: Will biomarker testing diagnose cancer or predict when I'll have a heart attack?
A: No. Biomarkers don't diagnose disease; they indicate risk. High cancer markers might warrant specialist evaluation, but they don't confirm cancer. Cardiovascular biomarkers show whether your atherosclerosis risk is elevated, but they can't predict specific events. Biomarkers guide prevention strategy, not diagnosis.
Key Takeaways
Comprehensive biomarker testing measures 50-100+ biochemical markers across multiple physiological systems, providing vastly more detail than standard annual bloodwork.
Biomarkers reveal patterns standard labs miss: metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, hormonal imbalance, nutritional deficiency, and cardiovascular disease risk—all before they become clinically apparent.
Early detection allows intervention when it's most effective. Addressing metabolic syndrome before diabetes develops, or cardiovascular inflammation before heart attack, fundamentally changes outcomes.
Biomarker interpretation requires expertise. Raw numbers mean nothing. Dr. Ortega provides clinical context, pattern recognition, and personalized recommendations aligned with your individual situation.
Biomarkers are actionable. Vitamin D deficiency gets specific supplementation. Metabolic dysfunction gets tailored dietary recommendations. Elevated inflammatory markers respond to exercise and sleep optimization.
Longitudinal tracking is powerful. Retesting shows whether your interventions are working biochemically, motivates sustained lifestyle change, and identifies emerging patterns early.
Commons Clinic's approach integrates biomarkers with extended physician time, lifestyle coaching, imaging when indicated, and comprehensive preventive medicine strategy.
Transform Your Understanding of Your Health
If you've had bloodwork that came back "normal" but you don't feel optimal, or if you're committed to proactive health management and want a sophisticated baseline, comprehensive biomarker testing might be exactly what you need.
Contact Commons Clinic at (310) 437-7921 or hello@commonsclinic.com to schedule an initial consultation with Dr. Jenica Ortega. We serve patients across Southern California with locations in Santa Monica, Marina del Rey, Beverly Hills, Long Beach, and Lakewood, plus virtual consultations nationwide.
Our two-year Care Guarantee ensures that any follow-up care recommended through biomarker testing—whether specialist consultations, additional testing, or lifestyle coaching—is fully supported with coverage of initial specialist consultation costs.
Your biomarkers are telling a story about your health. Let's make sure you're reading the right chapters and taking the actions that matter most.
Sources and Further Reading
American Heart Association. (2023). Guidelines for the assessment and management of cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation, 147(8), e77-e106.
Bhatnagar, A., et al. (2020). Association between lipoprotein(a) levels and cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiology, 5(7), 758-768.
Danesh, J., et al. (2015). C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(14), 1303-1313.
Ferrannini, E. (2019). Natriuretic peptides, obesity, and cardiometabolic risk. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 104(6), 2263-2272.
Giovannucci, E., & Hu, F. B. (2022). Nutritional epidemiology and metabolic disease. Annual Review of Nutrition, 42, 305-326.
Holick, M. F. (2017). The vitamin D deficiency pandemic and consequences for nonskeletal health. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 58, 1-9.
Kontush, A., & Chapman, M. J. (2011). Functionally defective HDL: A new therapeutic target at the crossroads of dyslipidemia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Pharmacological Reviews, 63(2), 289-313.
Krauss, R. M., et al. (2019). Apolipoprotein B and particle number as markers for cardiovascular disease risk in very small, dense LDL particles. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 73(18), 2264-2266.
López-Lluch, G., & Navas, P. (2016). Calorie restriction as an intervention in ageing. Journal of Physiology, 594(8), 2043-2060.
Ridker, P. M., et al. (2018). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 367(21), 2015-2026.
Sesso, H. D., et al. (2016). Plasma lycopene, other carotenoids, and retinol and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79(1), 47-53.
Tanner, R. M., et al. (2015). Trends in the prevalence of serious psychological distress among adults in the United States. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(10), 1339-1347.
About Commons Clinic
Commons Clinic is a preventive medicine practice specializing in comprehensive health assessment, biomarker analysis, and proactive health optimization for individuals committed to understanding their biology and preventing disease before it develops. With experienced physicians, extended consultation time, and integrated care across multiple modalities, Commons Clinic provides a fresh, evidence-based approach to preventive medicine centered on your individual health trajectory and goals.
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