The Ultimate Guide to Shockwave Therapy for Chronic Pain and Tissue Healing

Clinical Review by Evish Kamrava, MD Interventional Pain Management and Regenerative Medicine Specialist, Commons Clinic

Updated: March 2026 | Read time: 13 minutes

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Breaking the Cycle of Chronic Tendon Pain

For three years, Marcus, a 48-year-old construction foreman, struggled with debilitating heel pain. Every morning, those first steps from bed sent sharp pain through his plantar fascia. After physical therapy, night splints, orthotics, and multiple steroid injections, he wasn't improving—he was merely managing pain. His orthopedist mentioned surgery but warned of long recovery and uncertain outcomes. Then he heard about shockwave therapy: acoustic pulses that somehow trigger the body's healing response. "Does it really work?" he asked. "And how is sound supposed to heal tissue?"

This skepticism is reasonable. Shockwave therapy sounds more like science fiction than medicine. Yet extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) has evolved over three decades from experimental technique to evidence-supported treatment delivered in thousands of clinics worldwide. It works not through dramatic immediate change, but through triggering biological cascades—neovascularization, growth factor release, and tissue remodeling—that initiate healing in tissues previously considered irreparable.

At Commons Clinic, shockwave therapy has become a cornerstone of our regenerative medicine approach, particularly for chronic tendon and fascial conditions that haven't responded to conventional treatment.

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What Is Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy?

Shockwave therapy uses focused acoustic energy—essentially carefully controlled sound waves—to stimulate tissue healing. The term "extracorporeal" simply means outside the body: the shockwave is generated externally and transmitted through skin into the target tissue.

Understanding Shockwave Physics

A shockwave is a single, intense pressure pulse that travels faster than sound. In ESWT, these pulses are generated at a precise frequency and focused on a specific anatomical target. The energy concentrates at a depth determined by the device settings, ensuring therapeutic effect at the site of pathology without damaging intervening tissues.

Think of it as focused acoustic energy: imagine sound waves, but concentrated into a single intense impulse that penetrates deep tissue and generates mechanical and biological effects.

Focused vs. Radial Shockwave

Two primary technologies exist in clinical practice:

Focused Shockwave (FSWT):

• Generates true shockwaves that concentrate acoustic energy at a specific depth
• Requires fluoroscopic or ultrasound imaging to precisely target the treatment zone
• Higher energy density at the focal point
• Superior penetration for deep structures (rotator cuff, hip labrum, deep spinal pathology)
• Used primarily in surgical centers and dedicated ESWT facilities
• Typically requires 1,500–4,000 shockwaves per treatment session

Radial Shockwave (RSWT):

• Uses compressed air to accelerate a projectile that generates a dispersed pressure wave
• Energy spreads radially from the applicator tip, treating a broader area
• Lower peak energy but broader tissue penetration
• Better for superficial structures (plantar fascia, Achilles tendon, lateral elbow)
• Can be delivered in office settings with minimal imaging
• Typically requires 2,000–4,000 pulses per treatment

Both technologies have evidence supporting efficacy for specific indications. Selection depends on the structure being treated and the clinical setting.

Mechanism: How Shockwaves Heal Tissue

The therapeutic magic of shockwave therapy occurs through multiple biological mechanisms:

Mechanical Effects:

• Direct mechanical stimulus to cells and tissues at the target site
• Creates temporary cavitation (microscopic bubble formation) that mechanically disrupts degenerative tissue
• Stimulates cellular mechanotransduction—cells recognize mechanical stress and respond by initiating healing pathways

Neovascularization (New Blood Vessel Formation): This may be the most important mechanism. Chronic tendon and fascial pain often reflects poor blood supply—tissues become ischemic and degenerate. Shockwave therapy stimulates the release of angiogenic growth factors (VEGF, bFGF), triggering formation of new blood vessels that restore oxygen and nutrient delivery. Improved circulation catalyzes healing.

Growth Factor Release: Shockwaves trigger cells to release multiple growth factors that promote tissue remodeling:

• VEGF: stimulates angiogenesis
• TGF-beta: drives tissue remodeling and fibrosis
• BMP-2, BMP-7: promote bone formation and tissue repair
• IGF-1: enhances cell proliferation and differentiation

Anti-inflammatory Modulation: Rather than suppressing inflammation broadly (like steroid injections), shockwave therapy modulates the inflammatory response, shifting tissue toward resolution and healing rather than chronic degeneration. This normalization of inflammation is critical—chronic inflammation perpetuates pain and prevents healing; shockwave therapy essentially resets the inflammatory state.

Substance P Modulation: Substance P is a neuropeptide that transmits pain signals. Shockwave therapy reduces substance P levels, providing analgesic benefit independent of tissue healing. This contributes to the pain relief patients experience.

"The beauty of shockwave therapy," explains Dr. Kamrava, "is that it doesn't rely on single mechanism. It simultaneously addresses blood supply, inflammation, growth factor signaling, and pain transmission. That multifaceted approach makes it more robust than single-modality treatments."

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Conditions Effectively Treated with Shockwave Therapy

Strong evidence supports shockwave therapy for:

Plantar Fasciitis

• Heel pain from plantar fascia inflammation/degeneration
• Excellent evidence base; often first regenerative option for persistent cases
• Response rates 60–80% with durable improvement
• Treatment of choice when conservative measures (stretching, orthotics, anti-inflammatory) haven't resolved symptoms after 3–6 months

Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)

• Pain at the lateral elbow from forearm extensor tendon degeneration
• Strong evidence for FSWT; good evidence for RSWT
• Particularly effective when prior steroid injections haven't provided durable benefit
• Appropriate for both athletes and sedentary individuals with occupational or daily activity-related tendinopathy

Achilles Tendinopathy

• Chronic pain and degeneration of the Achilles tendon
• Can address both insertional (lower tendon) and non-insertional (mid-belly) pathology
• Excellent for patients with limited activity tolerance due to pain
• Often allows return to running and athletic activity

Calcific Tendinitis of the Rotator Cuff

• Shoulder pain from calcium deposits in rotator cuff tendons
• Shockwave therapy can fragment calcium deposits, reducing pain and improving shoulder function
• Often combined with ultrasound-guided procedures to remove fragmented calcium
• Strong evidence for pain reduction and functional improvement

Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow)

• Pain at the medial elbow from forearm flexor tendon pathology
• Similar evidence and utility as lateral epicondylitis
• Increasingly recognized as common in overhead athletes and individuals with repetitive gripping activities

Greater Trochanteric Bursitis/Hip Pain

• Pain at the lateral hip from bursal inflammation or gluteus medius tendon pathology
• Growing evidence base for shockwave therapy efficacy
• Particularly useful when conservative care and corticosteroid injections haven't resolved symptoms

Patellar Tendinopathy (Jumper's Knee)

• Pain at the patellar tendon from overuse and degeneration
• Common in athletes (basketball, volleyball, running)
• Shockwave therapy shows promise for returning athletes to sport

Chronic Spinal Pain (Facet Arthritis, SI Joint Dysfunction)

• Growing evidence for using FSWT to treat chronic back and neck pain
• May work through neovascularization and inflammation modulation in spinal joints
• Promising results when combined with other regenerative approaches

Emerging Applications: Research is exploring shockwave therapy for epicondylitis, rotator cuff tears, ACL injuries, and wound healing, though evidence is less robust for these applications.

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When to Consider Shockwave Therapy

Optimal candidacy reflects the clinical characteristics of your condition and your goals.

You're a Good Candidate If:

• You have confirmed tendon, fascial, or musculoskeletal pain based on clinical examination and imaging (ultrasound or MRI)
• Symptoms persist despite adequate conservative treatment (physical therapy, activity modification, appropriate medication) for 3–6 months
• You've tried steroid injections without durable improvement, or prefer to avoid repeated injections
• You want to avoid surgery or have high surgical risk
• You have realistic expectations (improvement in pain and function over weeks, not immediate relief)
• You're willing to engage in post-treatment rehabilitation to optimize outcomes
• You don't have conditions that contraindicate shockwave therapy (see below)

Conservative Alternatives

Shockwave therapy doesn't replace initial conservative management. Many patients experience adequate relief with dedicated conservative care.

Physical therapy remains foundational. Specific eccentric strengthening exercises (contracting the muscle while it lengthens under load) address the mechanical dysfunction underlying many tendinopathies. For plantar fasciitis, calf stretching and foot strengthening are surprisingly effective when performed diligently. The commitment required—8–12 weeks of consistent exercise—cannot be skipped.

Activity modification reducing repetitive stress allows tissue recovery. This often requires honest assessment of occupational demands and willingness to modify technique or temporarily reduce aggravating activities.

Appropriate anti-inflammatory medication (NSAIDs, acetaminophen) manages pain during the acute inflammatory phase. Some patients achieve excellent relief.

Corticosteroid injections provide temporary relief (weeks to months) by suppressing local inflammation. One or two injections may be sufficient; repeated injections raise concerns about soft tissue damage.

When conservative care fails—when you've genuinely tried physical therapy, modified activities, and perhaps received steroid injections without adequate durable improvement—shockwave therapy becomes reasonable to consider. It fills a critical gap: less invasive than surgery, more definitive than repeated conservative care.

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How Shockwave Therapy Works: Before, During, and After

Pre-Treatment Assessment

Your shockwave therapy journey begins with comprehensive evaluation. During your consultation, your physician will:

• Review your pain history: duration, progression, prior treatments, and response
• Assess functional limitations: activities you can't perform, pain patterns, night pain
• Perform targeted physical examination: palpation, range of motion, specific orthopedic tests
• Review imaging (ultrasound, MRI, or X-ray) to confirm diagnosis and identify contraindications
• Discuss realistic expectations: likely timeline, expected outcomes, what "success" looks like for your specific situation
• Assess for contraindications (malignancy, severe anticoagulation, recent steroid injections requiring waiting period)

"We want to ensure you're an appropriate candidate," Dr. Kamrava explains. "Someone with severe calcification may need different sequencing than someone with pure inflammation. Someone with recent steroid injection may need a brief waiting period. These details matter for optimizing outcomes."

Your physician may recommend additional physical therapy before shockwave treatment, or may suggest simultaneous therapies—for example, combining focused shockwave with ultrasound-guided soft tissue mobilization to address adhesions.

Treatment Day

Shockwave therapy is performed as an outpatient procedure, typically in the surgical center setting for focused shockwave or an office setting for radial shockwave.

Preparation (5–10 minutes): You'll be positioned to access the target area (heel, elbow, shoulder, etc.). The treatment zone is identified using ultrasound imaging to ensure precision. A conductive gel is applied to allow acoustic energy transmission through skin.

For most patients, minimal anesthesia is required. Some physicians apply topical numbing cream or inject local anesthetic around the treatment area. For particularly sensitive areas or anxious patients, light sedation may be offered.

"Shockwave therapy is uncomfortable but not unbearable," patients often report. "It feels like repeated sharp taps under the skin." Discomfort typically decreases as the treatment progresses.

Treatment (10–20 minutes): The shockwave applicator is positioned over the target tissue. Energy settings are selected based on the condition, tissue depth, and individual tolerance. The physician delivers typically 1,500–4,000 shockwaves at a controlled rate (usually 15–20 pulses per second).

Ultrasound guidance ensures precise targeting. The physician monitors the tissue response and adjusts energy settings as needed to optimize therapeutic effect while maintaining patient tolerance.

Post-Procedure (minutes): The treated area may be iced briefly to manage swelling. Most patients feel minimal discomfort immediately post-treatment, though soreness may develop over hours.

Recovery and Post-Treatment Protocol

Recovery is rapid. Most patients resume normal daily activities immediately, though with activity modifications for the treated tissue:

Days 1–3:

• Soreness at the treatment site is common and expected
• Mild swelling may be present
• Ice application intermittently helps manage inflammation
• Avoid aggressive activity or heavy loading of the treated area
• Pain medication may be used as needed

Days 4–7:

• Soreness gradually resolves
• Light activity, including gentle stretching, is encouraged
• Some patients notice early pain improvement beginning this week

Weeks 2–6:

• Progressive increase in activity as tolerated
• Physical therapy should be intensified, not paused
• Return to normal activities is usually possible
• Continued pain improvement as biological healing progresses

Weeks 6–12:

• Significant functional improvement often evident by week 6–8
• Most patients plateau by 8–12 weeks
• Return to previous activity level, including sport, is often possible

Important Considerations:

Pain improvement is gradual, reflecting biological healing rather than immediate tissue change. Some patients feel better within days; others require 4–6 weeks to notice significant improvement. This variable timeline reflects differences in tissue response.

Some patients experience a temporary increase in soreness 1–2 days post-treatment (inflammatory flare) as biological cascades activate. This typically resolves within days and is generally considered a positive sign.

Repeat Treatment Protocol

A single treatment session provides improvement in 60–80% of patients. For others, or for those with partial response:

• A second or third treatment session may be recommended 4–6 weeks after the initial session
• Repeat treatments allow cumulative biological effect
• Most protocols involve 1–3 sessions separated by weeks

Your physician will assess response and recommend whether repeat treatment is appropriate.

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Shockwave Therapy vs. Alternative Approaches

How does shockwave therapy compare to other available options for chronic tendon pain?

Treatment	Mechanism	Onset	Durability	Best For	Limitations
Physical Therapy	Eccentric strengthening; neuromuscular retraining	Weeks-months	Ongoing if maintained	Early tendinopathy; mild symptoms	Requires 8–12 week commitment; limited for severe or chronic cases
NSAIDs/Oral Meds	Pain modulation; anti-inflammatory	Hours-days	Hours-days per dose	Acute pain management	Temporary relief; GI/cardiovascular concerns; doesn't address underlying pathology
Corticosteroid Injection	Strong anti-inflammatory suppression	Minutes-hours	2–4 months typically	Acute inflammatory flare	Temporary relief; risk with repeated injection; doesn't regenerate tissue
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)	Growth factors; tissue regeneration	Weeks	6–12 months typically	Early tendinopathy; partial tears	Variable outcomes; requires multiple injections; emerging field
Shockwave Therapy	Neovascularization; growth factor release; inflammation modulation	Weeks	1–3 years reported	Chronic tendinopathy; failed conservative care	Not effective for everyone (60–80% response); requires 1–3 sessions; results gradual
Platelet-Rich Plasma + Shockwave	Combined regenerative effect	Weeks	1–3 years typically	Chronic tendinopathy unresponsive to single modality	Additive cost; emerging combined protocols
Surgical Repair/Tenotomy	Structural repair or controlled tissue disruption	Immediate (tissue level)	Permanent if successful	Complete ruptures; severe structural damage	Invasive; surgery/anesthesia risks; significant recovery time

Key Distinctions:

Unlike steroid injections (which suppress symptoms temporarily), shockwave therapy initiates biological healing. Results take longer to appear but often prove more durable. Unlike surgery (which provides immediate mechanical change), shockwave therapy works through triggering the body's repair mechanisms, meaning biological time is required.

Compared to PRP, shockwave therapy has stronger evidence base for tendinopathy, particularly plantar fasciitis and lateral epicondylitis. Both are regenerative approaches; shockwave may be more potent for certain conditions. Some patients benefit from combined therapy.

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Benefits and Risks

Evidence-Based Benefits

Multiple clinical trials and years of clinical experience demonstrate:

• Pain reduction: 60–80% of patients treated for plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendinopathy, and lateral epicondylitis experience significant pain improvement
• Functional improvement: Patients report improved mobility, reduced activity limitation, and ability to return to previously limited activities
• Durable benefit: Pain relief often sustained 1–3 years post-treatment in responders
• Non-invasive: Outpatient procedure with rapid recovery compared to surgery
• No systemic medication: Avoids oral medications and their potential side effects
• Biological approach: Stimulates body's own healing capacity rather than suppressing symptoms

Realistic Limitations

• Not effective for everyone: 20–40% of patients don't experience meaningful improvement
• Results develop gradually: Biological healing takes weeks; patience is required
• Variable response: Individual factors (age, disease severity, tissue quality, compliance) influence outcomes
• Not curative for underlying biomechanical dysfunction: Shockwave therapy doesn't eliminate the repetitive stress or technique errors that caused the initial injury; some patients experience recurrence
• Time commitment: Even successful treatment involves ongoing physical therapy and activity modification

Potential Complications (Uncommon)

• Temporary soreness: Pain at treatment site lasting days to weeks (expected and usually mild)
• Bruising: Minor bruising at treatment site (rare)
• Swelling: Mild swelling in the treated area (common, temporary)
• Skin irritation: Temporary redness or irritation (rare with proper technique)
• Referred pain: Temporary discomfort in areas adjacent to treatment site (rare)

Risks That Do Not Occur with Properly Conducted Treatment:

• Nerve damage (shockwaves are acoustic energy, not electrical; cannot damage nerves)
• Tendon rupture (properly delivered shockwave therapy doesn't weaken tissue; if anything, neovascularization strengthens it)
• Vascular injury (shockwave therapy doesn't damage blood vessels; it promotes formation of new ones)
• Systemic side effects (shockwave therapy is localized; no systemic absorption or medication-related complications)

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Why Patients Choose Commons Clinic for Shockwave Therapy

When seeking shockwave therapy, selecting a qualified provider—one with expertise, appropriate equipment, and commitment to optimal outcomes—significantly influences results.

About Dr. Evish Kamrava, MD

Dr. Kamrava is board-certified in physical medicine and rehabilitation and fellowship-trained in interventional pain management and regenerative medicine. Over a decade of clinical practice has included thousands of shockwave therapy treatments across multiple indications.

His approach combines rigorous understanding of ESWT biomechanics and evidence with practical expertise in patient selection, treatment optimization, and post-treatment rehabilitation management.

"I see shockwave therapy not as standalone miracle," Dr. Kamrava explains, "but as catalyst for healing—particularly when positioned within comprehensive treatment framework including physical therapy, activity modification, and behavioral change. The patients who do best are those who understand shockwave therapy as component of their healing journey, not replacement for doing the work."

What Differentiates Commons Clinic

1. Evidence-Based Protocol: Treatment approaches are grounded in peer-reviewed literature and professional society guidelines, not overselling or unrealistic promises

2. Appropriate Candidate Selection: We carefully assess whether shockwave therapy is right for your specific condition. If you're not an appropriate candidate, we say so and recommend alternatives

3. Comprehensive Informed Consent: You'll understand the mechanism, evidence base, realistic timeline, expected outcomes, and what can go wrong

4. Precision Imaging Guidance: For focused shockwave therapy, ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance ensures treatment is delivered to the exact target zone

5. Integrated Rehabilitation: We recognize that shockwave therapy outcome depends on concurrent physical therapy and activity modification. We coordinate with your physical therapist and provide detailed post-treatment protocols

6. Extended Consultation: Nearly three times the national average consultation time ensures thorough assessment and aligned expectations

7. Access to Multiple Modalities: When shockwave therapy alone seems suboptimal, we can combine it with other regenerative approaches (PRP, stem cell therapy) or traditional interventions based on your condition

8. Care Guarantee: Two-year warranty covering full cost of professional follow-up care ensures ongoing commitment to your outcome

Commons Clinic Infrastructure

• MOSI Surgery Center (Marina del Rey): Equipped with advanced focused shockwave technology and imaging guidance for precise treatment
• Multiple Clinic Locations: Convenient access in Santa Monica, Marina del Rey, Beverly Hills, Long Beach, and Lakewood
• Insurance Coverage: We work with major plans including Aetna, Cigna, Anthem Blue Cross, Blue Shield of California, and United Healthcare
• Surgery Benefit Plans: Carrum, Transcarent, and LanternCare coverage ($0 out-of-pocket for many patients)
• Virtual Specialty Clinic: Telehealth consultations available nationwide
• Coordinated Rehabilitation: Network of physical therapists experienced in post-ESWT rehabilitation protocols

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Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Is shockwave therapy really safe? Don't shock waves damage tissue?

A: Shockwave therapy is very safe when delivered by qualified practitioners using appropriate protocols. The shockwaves used are precisely calibrated acoustic pulses—not electrical shock, not explosions, not traumatic injury. They stimulate tissue at therapeutic doses. Think of it as controlled biological stimulus rather than tissue damage. Side effects are minimal and temporary. Decades of clinical use and thousands of treatments support safety profile.

Q: How many treatments will I need?

A: Most patients receive 1–3 shockwave therapy sessions separated by 4–6 weeks. The initial treatment represents the bulk of benefit for responders. Additional sessions allow cumulative effect for patients with partial response or particularly severe pathology. Your physician will assess response after the initial treatment and recommend whether additional sessions are appropriate.

Q: How long until I feel better?

A: This varies individually. Some patients notice pain improvement within days; most notice meaningful improvement within 2–4 weeks; some require 6–8 weeks to appreciate full effect. Biological healing takes time. This gradual timeline reflects the mechanism—neovascularization and tissue remodeling don't happen overnight.

Q: Can I do physical therapy before or after shockwave treatment?

A: Yes, ideally both. We often recommend pre-treatment physical therapy to optimize muscle strength and biomechanics. Post-treatment, physical therapy should be intensified, not paused. The combination of shockwave therapy (stimulating biological healing) and targeted exercise (guiding that healing toward functional restoration) yields best outcomes.

Q: What's the difference between focused and radial shockwave?

A: Focused shockwave (FSWT) concentrates acoustic energy at a specific depth, requiring imaging guidance and best suited for deeper structures. Radial shockwave (RSWT) disperses energy over a broader area and can treat more superficial tissues. Focused shockwave has stronger evidence for plantar fasciitis and lateral epicondylitis; both are effective. Your physician will recommend the technology best suited to your condition and anatomy.

Q: Will shockwave therapy damage my tendon?

A: No. Shockwave therapy doesn't weaken tissue; if anything, the neovascularization it stimulates strengthens tissue by improving blood supply. It's a common misconception that acoustic energy "damages" tissue—actually, therapeutic shockwave therapy stimulates repair. Properly delivered ESWT doesn't cause rupture or structural harm.

Q: Can I combine shockwave therapy with other treatments?

A: Yes. Shockwave therapy can be combined with physical therapy, activity modification, and appropriate medications. Some patients benefit from combined shockwave plus PRP (platelet-rich plasma) for enhanced regenerative effect. Your physician will recommend the approach optimal for your condition.

Q: Is shockwave therapy covered by insurance?

A: Coverage varies by plan and indication. Some insurance carriers cover ESWT for specific diagnoses (particularly plantar fasciitis); others don't. We verify your coverage before treatment. Many patients utilize surgery benefit plans (Carrum, Transcarent, LanternCare) providing $0 out-of-pocket coverage. We'll help you understand your options.

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Key Takeaways

• Shockwave therapy is a proven, safe, non-invasive treatment for chronic tendon pain with strong evidence supporting efficacy for plantar fasciitis, lateral epicondylitis, Achilles tendinopathy, and other conditions
• It works by stimulating biological healing—neovascularization, growth factor release, and inflammation modulation— not through dramatic immediate tissue change
• Results develop gradually over weeks as biological processes unfold; patience and compliance with post-treatment rehabilitation are essential
• It's highly effective when conservative care has failed: physical therapy, activity modification, and steroid injections haven't provided adequate improvement
• 60–80% of appropriately selected patients experience significant improvement; success depends on realistic expectations and rigorous candidate selection
• Post-treatment rehabilitation is essential. Shockwave therapy activates healing; physical therapy guides that healing toward functional restoration
• It delays or eliminates need for surgery for many patients with chronic tendon pathology
• Commons Clinic brings evidence-based shockwave therapy with imaging guidance, rigorous candidacy assessment, comprehensive informed consent, and coordinated rehabilitation

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Your Next Step

If chronic tendon pain has limited your life, and conservative care hasn't provided adequate relief, shockwave therapy may offer genuine hope. The first step is honest assessment: is your condition appropriate for ESWT, and are you likely to respond?

We invite you to schedule a consultation with Dr. Kamrava. During this time, you'll discuss your pain history, review any imaging, learn exactly how shockwave therapy works, understand the evidence base, and determine together whether treatment is right for you.

Contact Commons Clinic:

• Phone: (310) 437-7921
• Email: hello@commonsclinic.com
• Online: Schedule a virtual specialty clinic consultation (available nationwide) or book at one of our four clinic locations (Santa Monica, Marina del Rey, Beverly Hills, or Long Beach)

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Sources and Further Reading

1. Rompe JD, et al. "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for chronic plantar fasciopathy." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021.
2. Notarnicola A, et al. "Shockwave therapy in musculoskeletal disorders." Journal of Biological Regulators & Homeostatic Agents. 2018.
3. Foldager CB, et al. "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy and mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of chronic tendinopathy." Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 2017.
4. Vahdatpour B, et al. "Efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy for chronic lateral epicondylitis." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2019.
5. Wang CJ, et al. "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for Achilles tendinopathy." American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2018.
6. Gerdesmeyer L, et al. "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for the treatment of chronic tendinopathy." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2016.
7. Yuan J, et al. "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder: Frequency-dependent effects." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2013.
8. International Society for Musculoskeletal Shockwave Therapy. Clinical Guidelines. 2023.
9. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Regenerative Medicine Resources. 2024.
10. Yin MC, et al. "Effectiveness of exercise and manual therapy in lower extremity musculoskeletal disorder." Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2020.